A Novel Deep Learning-based Whale Optimization Algorithm for Prediction of Breast Cancer

HIGHLIGHTS Novel whale optimization algorithm is proposed for prediction of breast cancer. Deep learning-based WOA adjusts the CNN structure as per maximum detection accuracy. Proposed method achieves 92.4% accuracy in comparison to 90.3%. Validity of method is evaluated with magnifying factors like 40x, 100 x, 200x, 400x.

Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women that cause billions of deaths worldwide. Identification of breast cancer often depends on the examination of digital biomedical photography such as the histopathological images of various health professionals, and clinicians. Analyzing histopathological images is a unique task and always requires special knowledge to conclude investigating these types of images. In this paper, a novel efficient technique has been proposed for the detection and prediction of breast cancer at its early stage. Initially, the dataset of images is used to carry out the pre-processing phase, which helps to transform a human pictorial image into a computer photographic image and adjust the parameters appropriate to the Convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier. Afterward, all the transformed images are assigned to the CNN classifier for the training process. CNN classifies incoming breast cancer clinical images as malignant and benign without prior information about the occurrence of cancer. For parameter optimization of CNN, a deep learning-based whale optimization algorithm (WOA) has been proposed which proficiently and automatically adjusts the CNN network structure by maximizing the detection accuracy. We have also compared the obtained accuracy of the proposed algorithm with a standard CNN and other existing classifiers and it is found that the proposed algorithm supersedes the other existing algorithms.

Efficacies of Reverse Hybrid Therapy in Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Introduction: Because the prevalence of antibiotic resistancemarkedly increases with time worldwide, anti-H. pyloritreatment is continuing to be a great challenge for physiciansin clinical practice. Eradication of H. pylori infection markedlychanges the natural history of peptic ulcer in patients withduodenal or gastric ulcer. Most peptic ulcers associated withH. pylori infection are curable. Aim of present study was tostudy the efficacies of 14 days ‘ Reverse Hybrid Therapy’ inH.pylori positive G.I.patients.Material and methods: 100 H.pylori positive patients withupper G.I. complaints who underwent upper GI endoscopywere included in the study. H.pylori infection was documentedby at least 2 positive results of Rapid Urease Test. Subjectswith any of the following criteria were excluded from thestudy. 1. Previous eradication therapy 2. Allergy to anyantibiotic used in study. 3. Co- existence of any serious illness.4. Pregnancy or lactating women 5. Previous gastrectomy6. Use of antibiotics within last 4 week. Detailed medicalhistory and demographic details of the patients were recorded.Routine haematogical tests and USG was done. Patients weregiven 14 days dual therapy ie quadruple regimen (proton pumpinhibitor + amoxicillin + clarithromycin + metronidazole) forfirst 7 days followed by dual regimen of PPI+ amoxicillin fornext 7 days. Patients were asked to report at 7, 14 days and at6 weeks interval.Results: Out of 97 patients 93 patients became negative forH.pylori after 6 week of Reverse Hybrid eradication therapy.It was observed that majority of patients enrolled in the studywere in the age group of 41–60 years (50%) followed bybelow 40 yrs (27%), above 60 yrs (23%). Out of them, 74%were male and 26% were female.Conclusion: Out of 97 patients 93 patients became negativefor H.pylori after 6 week of Reverse Hybrid eradicationtherapy. Hence, Reverse Hybrid Therapy is equally potenttherapy to Bismuth based therapy though the latter has a lotof side effects.

Photodynamic inactivation of antibiotic resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by porphyrins induced by delta-aminolaevulinic acid.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitals is a matter of growing concern. We report the results of a study on photodynamic inactivation of antibiotic resistant strain of P. aeruginosa by delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA). METHODS: Exponentially growing P. aeruginosa cells were incubated in growth medium with ALA for various durations. Subsequently, the cells were washed and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). These cells were incubated with different concentrations of glutathione (GSH) in PBS for 15 min. Porphyrins synthesized with and without GSH were detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. The ALA treated cells were irradiated with light at 405 nm with and without subsequent incubation in GSH. Cell survival was measured by colony forming ability. RESULTS: Incubation of cells in growth medium with ALA led to increased synthesis of protoporphyrins in cells which saturated beyond 4 h. The level of protoporphyrin synthesis increased significantly when ALA treated cells were subsequently incubated with GSH in PBS for 15 min. Irradiation of cells incubated with ALA alone led to weak inactivation. However, substantial cell death was observed in ALA treated cells irradiated in the presence of 15 mM GSH. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Photodynamic inactivation of P. aeruginosa by ALA induced porphyrins can be enhanced if ALA treated cells are further incubated with GSH and irradiated using 405 nm light. These findings may be useful for inactivation of antibiotic resistant strains of P. aeruginosa causing burn and wound infections in hospitalized patients.

Photodynamic action of merocyanine 540 on carcinoma of cervix cells.

Results of the studies carried out on localization and photodynamic action of merocyanine 540 (MC540) on carcinoma of cervix (HeLa) cells are presented. Fluorescence microscopic study showed that when HeLa cells were incubated with MC540 in dark, the dye localized in plasma membrane of cells. Photoirradiation of cells in presence of MC540 led to enhancement of dye uptake, intracellular localization of dye and a dose dependent decrease in cell survival. Clonogenic assay showed 96% cell killing at a light dose of 42 kJ/m2. Photosensitization of cells resulted in loss of membrane integrity, decrease in plasma membrane fluidity and reduction in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity as measured by tetrazolium reduction (MTT) assay. At a given light dose, the relative change in plasma membrane properties was higher than the reduction in activity of mitochondrial enzyme. These results suggest plasma membrane is a primary target of photosensitization of HeLa cells by MC540.